Category Archives: Language

Learning Classical Latin

September 26, 2024 Leo

Reading classical or ancient Latin can be fun and easier than you think, especially if you speak English, Italian, and/or Spanish. French also helps with the vocabulary.

Open University Introduction – https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/getting-started-on-classical-latin/content-section-0?active-tab=description-tab

Introduction to Classical Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation – https://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/introducing-classical-latin/

Special Pronunciation Note Reminders:
“c” is a hard, like “candy” or “pico”
“ph” can be an f sound or a “p” sound
“th” can be a t sound or a “t” then a “h” sound
“v” is pronounced as a “w” sound
“g” is pronounced as a hard “g”, like “girl”
“r” is a rolled “r” sound, like “rrrr”

Gender Notes:
male – “us” on end, plural “i” on end
female – “a” on end, plural “ae” on end

Person Endings of Latin Verbs (present tense)

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	o (= I)	mus (= we)
2nd	s (= you)	tis (= you)
3rd	t (= he/she/it)	nt (= they)
The part of the verb to which the person ending is added is called the stem. Thus, the stem ama plus the person ending – t produces amat, ‘he/she/it loves’. Alternatively, ama plus nt produces amant, meaning ‘they love.’

Sentence Construction Notes:

Hieratic

June 12, 2024 Leo

Hieratic is script hieroglyphics. Below are some of the more popular signs in hieroglyphics, followed by the hieratic version (some with one or two options). Many of the characters changed over the centuries. These are all read from right to left. Hieroglyphics were usually from right to left, but sometimes written left to right. Hieratic was always written right to left. (link to site Jim Loy’s Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Egyptology Page (archive.org))

Lesson 1- “Alphabetic” Signs (From

As with Hieroglyphics, the best place to start is to learn the “alphabetic” signs – those signs representing a single consonant. Since most people using these lessons will probably already be familiar with Hieroglyphic writing, the following table gives correspondences between the Hieratic characters, and the equivalent Hieroglyphs (from which they are derived). Since Hieratic was written from right to left, the signs (both Hieratic and Hieroglyphic) are shown facing right as they would in actual texts.

Hieratic	Value	Hieroglyph	Hieratic	Value	Hieroglyph
	A			x
	i			X
	a			s
	w			s
	b			S
	p			q
	f			k
	m			g
	n			t
	r			T
	h			d
	H			D

The Hieratic form of was originally , which you will notice corresponds with the other two bird signs and , however this was gradually replaced by the sign given in the table above.

There was also a second form of in Hieratic: which was taken over into Hieroglyphic as .

Link to Stephan Fryer’s Lessons – Basic Lessons in Hieratic – Index (archive.org)

Greek, Orphic

New Orphic Hymn to Hermes – by Leo

September 20, 2023 Leo

In winged sandals and with staff in hand,
O Hermes, messenger, by Zeus’s grand command,
You fly between the realms of gods and men,
To share the secrets hidden now and then.

In dreams you whisper, making mortals wise,
With divine news that often mystifies.
You guide the souls of those who’ve left behind
This earthly realm, to Hades they’re consigned.

O patron of the trade and eloquence,
Your words and deals are but your first defense.
In stealth and cunning, like a thief at night,
You ever serve your purpose, never slight.

With lyre in hand, you play the chords that bind
The hearts of gods and mortals, intertwined.
Your sacred touch can turn the simplest word
Into a song that’s like none ever heard.

O Hermes, hear our hymn, our plea to thee,
Bestow your gifts and set our spirits free.
With wit and charm, with message or with sign,
Be with us on our journey, ever divine.

– Leo

Greek, Language

Greek Alphabet, Vowels, Consonants, And Dipthongs

December 9, 2022 Leo

Vocabulary Settings Table of Contents Reference Grammar Lesson 2 –>

Lesson 1: The Greek Alphabet, Vowels, Consonants, And Dipthongs

The Greek Alphabet

1. The Greek Alphabet has 24 letters. You will find a good pronunciation tutorial with recorded audio at http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/pronunchtml/pronunc_guideU.html, and recordings of longer Ancient Greek texts at http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eclip/.

Form	Phonetic Value	Name
Α, α	papa, father	Alpha
Β, β	bed	Beta
Γ, γ	go, sing	Gamma
Δ, δ	do	Delta
Ε, ε	met	Epsilon
Ζ, ζ	adze	Zeta
Η, η	prey	Eta
Θ, θ	thin	Theta
Ι, ι	pin, machine	Iota
Κ, κ	kill	Kappa
Λ, λ	land	Lambda
Μ, μ	men	Mu
Ν, ν	now	Nu
Ξ, ξ	wax	Xi
Ο, ο	obey	Omicron
Π, π	pet	Pi
Ρ, ρ	run	Rho
Σ, σ, ς	sit	Sigma
Τ, τ	tell	Tau
Υ, υ	French u, German ό	Upsilon
Φ, φ	graphic	Phi
Χ, χ	German buch	Chi
Ψ, ψ	hips	Psi
Ω, ω	tone	Omega

2. At the end of a word ς, elsewherε σ, as σκηνης, of a tent.

Vowels

3. The vowels are α, ε, η, ι, ο, ω, υ. The remaining letters are consonants.

4. Vowels are either short or long. There are separate Greek characters (ε, η, ο, ω) for the e and o sounds, but not for a, i, and u sounds. In this book the long vowels are designated by α macron– a straight line that appears above the vowel when it is long- , η, ῑ, ω, ῡ; the short vowels are α, ε, ι, ο υ.

Consonants

5. The consonants are divided into semivowels, mutes and double consonants.

6. The semivowels are λ, μ, ν, ρ, σ, and γ-nasal (10). λ, μ, ν, ρ are liquids, σ is a siblant.

7. The mutes are of three classes, and of three orders.

Classes

Labial or π-mutes π, β, φ

Palatal or κ-mutes κ, γ, χ

Lingual or τ-mutes τ, δ, θ

Orders

Smooth mutes π, κ, τ

Middle mutes β, γ, δ

Rough mutes φ, χ, θ

8. Mutes of the same class are called cognate, those of the same order co-ordinate.

9. The double consonants are ξ (for κς), ψ (for πς), and ζ.

10. The consonants are pronounced, in general like their English equivalents; but gamma before κ, γ, χ, or ξ equals (sounds like) the ng in sing, and is called gamma nasal.

Dipthongs

11. A dipthong is a combination of two vowel sounds in a single syllable. The Dipthongs are αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου, ηυ, υι, ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ. The last three, formed by writing ι under ᾱ, η, ω, are called improper diphthongs. Their second vowel is called iota subscript.

12. The diphthongs are pronounced:

αι as in aisle

αυ as ou in hour

ει as in eight

υι as in quit

οι as in oil

ου as in group

ευ as ĕh-oo *

ηυ as ĕh-oo *

* For these there is no exact equivalents in English.

13.Pronunciation Practice

Read each of the following words aloud

ἡ-μἐ-ρᾱ	day.
σκη-νή	tent.
ἄν-θρω-πος	man.
βου-λεύ-ει	he plans.
ὁ-πλί-της	hoplite.
ἐν τῇ χώ-ρᾳ	in the country.
υἱ-ὀς	son.
λό-γοι	speeches.
ᾤ-κη-σα	I dwelt.
ὧ-δε	thus.
θύ-ρᾱ	door.
ἐν σκη-νῇ	in a tent.
ἄ-γε-τε	you lead.
ἅ-μα-ξα	wagon.
ἁρ-πά-ζω	I plunder.
φο-βε-ρός	frightful.
αὐ-τός	self, Lat. ipse.
ἐν λό-γῳ	in a speech.
Ἑλ-λη-νι-κός	Greek.
ἀ-γα-θός	good.
θύ-ραι	doors.
λύ-ου-σι	they loose.
ἄγ-γε-λος	messenger.
δῶ-ρον	gift.
χώ-ρᾱ	country.
ψέ-λι-ον	bracelet.
λό-γος	speech.
οἰ-κέ-ω	I dwell.
Ἄρ-τε-μις	Artemis.
οἴ-κοι	at home.

Technical

HTML Other Symbols

December 5, 2022 Leo

HTML Other Symbols

This entity reference includes all the other symbols supported by HTML. You should note that entity names are case sensitive.

Standard	Character	Entity Number	Entity Name	Description
HTML 2.0	“	"	"	quotation mark
HTML 2.0	&	&	&	ampersand
XHTML 1.0	‘	'	'	apostrophe
HTML 2.0	<	<	<	less-than sign
HTML 2.0	>	>	>	greater-than sign
HTML 3.2				no-break space
HTML 3.2	¡	¡	¡	inverted exclamation mark
HTML 3.2	¢	¢	¢	cent sign
HTML 3.2	£	£	£	pound sign
HTML 3.2	¤	¤	¤	currency sign
HTML 3.2	¥	¥	¥	yen sign
HTML 3.2	¦	¦	¦	broken bar
HTML 3.2	§	§	§	section sign
HTML 3.2	¨	¨	¨	diaeresis
HTML 3.2	©	©	©	copyright sign
HTML 3.2	ª	ª	ª	feminine ordinal indicator
HTML 3.2	«	«	«	left pointing guillemet
HTML 3.2	¬	¬	¬	not sign
HTML 3.2				soft hyphen
HTML 3.2	®	®	®	registered sign
HTML 3.2	¯	¯	¯	macron
HTML 3.2	°	°	°	degree sign
HTML 3.2	±	±	±	plus-minus sign
HTML 3.2	²	²	²	superscript two
HTML 3.2	³	³	³	superscript three
HTML 3.2	´	´	´	acute accent
HTML 3.2	µ	µ	µ	micro sign
HTML 3.2	¶	¶	¶	pilcrow sign
HTML 3.2	·	·	·	middle dot
HTML 3.2	¸	¸	¸	cedilla
HTML 3.2	¹	¹	¹	superscript one
HTML 3.2	º	º	º	masculine ordinal indicator
HTML 3.2	»	»	»	right pointing guillemet
HTML 3.2	¼	¼	¼	vulgar fraction one quarter
HTML 3.2	½	½	½	vulgar fraction one half
HTML 3.2	¾	¾	¾	vulgar fraction three quarters
HTML 3.2	¿	¿	¿	inverted question mark
HTML 3.2	×	×	×	multiplication sign
HTML 3.2	÷	÷	÷	division sign
HTML 4.0	ˆ	ˆ	&circ;	modifier letter circumflex accent
HTML 4.0	˜	˜	&tilde;	small tilde
HTML 4.0			&ensp;	en space
HTML 4.0			&emsp;	em space
HTML 4.0				thin space
HTML 4.0	‌	‌	&zwnj;	zero-width non-joiner
HTML 4.0	‍	‍	&zwj;	zero-width joiner
HTML 4.0	‎	‎	&lrm;	left-to-right mark
HTML 4.0	‏	‏	&rlm;	right-to-left mark
HTML 4.0	–	–	–	en dash
HTML 4.0	—	—	—	em dash
HTML 4.0	‘	‘	‘	left single quotation mark
HTML 4.0	’	’	’	right single quotation mark
HTML 4.0	‚	‚	&sbquo;	single low-9 quotation mark
HTML 4.0	“	“	“	left double quotation mark
HTML 4.0	”	”	”	right double quotation mark
HTML 4.0	„	„	&bdquo;	double low-9 quotation mark
HTML 4.0	†	†	&dagger;	dagger
HTML 4.0	‡	‡	&Dagger;	double dagger
HTML 4.0	•	•	•	bullet
HTML 4.0	…	…	…	horizontal ellipsis
HTML 4.0	‰	‰	&permil;	per mille sign
HTML 4.0	′	′	′	prime
HTML 4.0	″	″	″	double prime
HTML 4.0	‹	‹	&lsaquo;	single left-pointing quotation mark
HTML 4.0	›	›	&rsaquo;	single right-pointing quotation mark
HTML 4.0	‾	‾	&oline;	overline
HTML 4.0	⁄	⁄	&frasl;	fraction slash
HTML 4.0	€	€	€	euro sign
HTML 4.0	ℑ	ℑ	&image;	black-letter capital I
HTML 4.0	℘	℘	&weierp;	script capital P
HTML 4.0	ℜ	ℜ	&real;	black-letter capital R
HTML 4.0	™	™	™	trademark sign
HTML 4.0	ℵ	ℵ	&alefsym;	alef symbol
HTML 4.0	←	←	←	leftwards arrow
HTML 4.0	↑	↑	↑	upwards arrow
HTML 4.0	→	→	→	rightwards arrow
HTML 4.0	↓	↓	↓	downwards arrow
HTML 4.0	↔	↔	↔	left right arrow
HTML 4.0	↵	↵	&crarr;	carriage return
HTML 4.0	⇐	⇐	⇐	leftwards double arrow
HTML 4.0	⇑	⇑	&uArr;	upwards double arrow
HTML 4.0	⇒	⇒	⇒	rightwards double arrow
HTML 4.0	⇓	⇓	&dArr;	downwards double arrow
HTML 4.0	⇔	⇔	⇔	left right double arrow
HTML 4.0	⌈	⌈	&lceil;	left ceiling
HTML 4.0	⌉	⌉	&rceil;	right ceiling
HTML 4.0	⌊	⌊	&lfloor;	left floor
HTML 4.0	⌋	⌋	&rfloor;	right floor
HTML 4.0	〈	〈	&lang;	left-pointing angle bracket
HTML 4.0	〉	〉	&rang;	right-pointing angle bracket
HTML 4.0	◊	◊	&loz;	lozenge
HTML 4.0	♠	♠	&spades;	black spade suit
HTML 4.0	♣	♣	&clubs;	black club suit
HTML 4.0	♥	♥	&hearts;	black heart suit
HTML 4.0	♦	♦	&diams;	black diamond suit

SOURCE: https://www.joeswebtools.com/html/html-other-symbols/

Greek, Language

HTML Greek Symbols

December 5, 2022 Leo

HTML Greek Symbols

This entity reference includes all the greek symbols supported by HTML. You should note that entity names are case sensitive.

Standard	Character	Entity Number	Entity Name	Description
HTML 4.0	Α	Α	Α	Greek capital letter Alpha
HTML 4.0	Β	Β	Β	Greek capital letter Beta
HTML 4.0	Γ	Γ	Γ	Greek capital letter Gamma
HTML 4.0	Δ	Δ	Δ	Greek capital letter Delta
HTML 4.0	Ε	Ε	Ε	Greek capital letter Epsilon
HTML 4.0	Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	Greek capital letter Zeta
HTML 4.0	Η	Η	Η	Greek capital letter Eta
HTML 4.0	Θ	Θ	Θ	Greek capital letter Theta
HTML 4.0	Ι	Ι	Ι	Greek capital letter Iota
HTML 4.0	Κ	Κ	Κ	Greek capital letter Kappa
HTML 4.0	Λ	Λ	Λ	Greek capital letter Lambda
HTML 4.0	Μ	Μ	Μ	Greek capital letter Mu
HTML 4.0	Ν	Ν	Ν	Greek capital letter Nu
HTML 4.0	Ξ	Ξ	Ξ	Greek capital letter Xi
HTML 4.0	Ο	Ο	Ο	Greek capital letter Omicron
HTML 4.0	Π	Π	Π	Greek capital letter Pi
HTML 4.0	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	Greek capital letter Rho
HTML 4.0	Σ	Σ	Σ	Greek capital letter Sigma
HTML 4.0	Τ	Τ	Τ	Greek capital letter Tau
HTML 4.0	Υ	Υ	Υ	Greek capital letter Upsilon
HTML 4.0	Φ	Φ	Φ	Greek capital letter Phi
HTML 4.0	Χ	Χ	Χ	Greek capital letter Chi
HTML 4.0	Ψ	Ψ	Ψ	Greek capital letter Psi
HTML 4.0	Ω	Ω	Ω	Greek capital letter Omega
HTML 4.0	α	α	α	Greek small letter alpha
HTML 4.0	β	β	β	Greek small letter beta
HTML 4.0	γ	γ	γ	Greek small letter gamma
HTML 4.0	δ	δ	δ	Greek small letter delta
HTML 4.0	ε	ε	ε	Greek small letter epsilon
HTML 4.0	ζ	ζ	ζ	Greek small letter zeta
HTML 4.0	η	η	η	Greek small letter eta
HTML 4.0	θ	θ	θ	Greek small letter theta
HTML 4.0	ι	ι	ι	Greek small letter iota
HTML 4.0	κ	κ	κ	Greek small letter kappa
HTML 4.0	λ	λ	λ	Greek small letter lambda
HTML 4.0	μ	μ	μ	Greek small letter mu
HTML 4.0	ν	ν	ν	Greek small letter nu
HTML 4.0	ξ	ξ	ξ	Greek small letter xi
HTML 4.0	ο	ο	ο	Greek small letter omicron
HTML 4.0	π	π	π	Greek small letter pi
HTML 4.0	ρ	ρ	ρ	Greek small letter rho
HTML 4.0	ς	ς	&sigmaf;	Greek small letter final sigma
HTML 4.0	σ	σ	σ	Greek small letter sigma
HTML 4.0	τ	τ	τ	Greek small letter tau
HTML 4.0	υ	υ	υ	Greek small letter upsilon
HTML 4.0	φ	φ	φ	Greek small letter phi
HTML 4.0	χ	χ	χ	Greek small letter chi
HTML 4.0	ψ	ψ	ψ	Greek small letter psi
HTML 4.0	ω	ω	ω	Greek small letter omega
HTML 4.0	ϑ	ϑ	&thetasym;	Greek theta symbol
HTML 4.0	ϒ	ϒ	&upsih;	Greek Upsilon with hook symbol
HTML 4.0	ϖ	ϖ	ϖ	Greek pi symbol

SOURCE: https://www.joeswebtools.com/html/html-greek-symbols/

G777 – All Is One

Category Archives: Language

Learning Classical Latin

Hieratic

New Orphic Hymn to Hermes – by Leo

Greek Alphabet, Vowels, Consonants, And Dipthongs

Lesson 1: The Greek Alphabet, Vowels, Consonants, And Dipthongs

The Greek Alphabet

Vowels

Consonants

Dipthongs

13.Pronunciation Practice

HTML Other Symbols

HTML Other Symbols

HTML Greek Symbols

HTML Greek Symbols

As Above, So Below